Cupcake Leavening Methods Essay Example for Free

Cupcake Leavening Methods EssayI have found three that I will test in coordinate to find which produces the fluffiest, or least dense, great deal of cupcakes. They allow for a greater leavening, or increase of volume of baking dough caused by the formation of gun for hire bubbles. The methods to create this effect on the cupcakes are using egg whites only, mixing each ingredient separately before adding them to the mixture, and adding a teaspoon of lemon stiffen to the mix. eggs are a necessary ingredient to nearly any baked good. However, the two parts of the egg, the yolk and the white, have very different compositions.Egg yolks are high in fat, while the whites contain a great criterion of protein. Fats interfere with the proteins ability to form bonds and trap air, keeping them from becoming as fluffy as they could be. However, whipping egg whites on their own mixes air into the whites and disarranges their protein molecules. The protein molecules are usually in clust ers. Whipping causes them to stretch out and link together, detain the air into tiny bubbles. Thus, using the egg whites on their own allows the proteins to whip up to their fullest potential height.A simpler method of decreasing the engrossment of a kitty of cupcakes is to mix each ingredient separately before adding them all together. By putting all dry ingredients into a bowl and whisking them until there are no lumps you are lightening the cake mix. Also, one should mix the eggs before their addition because this adds some small bubbles to them, which will cause bubbles to also be in the cupcakes, thereby making them light and fluffy. Finally, it is said that adding a teaspoon of cornstarch to your cupcakes before baking them will allow for extra lightness.cornstarch is made from the endosperm of corn or wheat. It is used in baking as a leavening agent. It includes starch, which absorbs moisture and lets the little bubbles to form more easily in the batter during baking. Cor nstarch does not contain any gluten, which is a strong and stretchy protein that gives baked goods a very solid structure. As temperature rises while the cupcakes bake, the cornstarch cause splatter molecules to move farther apart, thus expanding air cells. This reaction will give the cupcakes the desired fluffiness.An important part of my experimentation will be determining the density of each cupcake. The formula for finding density is Density=Mass/Volume. In order to find the density, however, I must first find the mass and volume. using a triple beam balance I can find the mass, but the volume will be more complicated. I have placed that the easiest way to bode the volume would be to hypothetically separate each cupcake into thin segments by increments of approximately one centimeter. Then, I will have many approximate cylinders sitting on top of each other.Next, all I must do is measure the circumference of each cylinder, use that number to calculate the radius, and input t hat radius into the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder Volume=? *radius2*height. By adding the volume of each cylinder I can find the volume of the entire cupcake. I will do this to each cupcake in each batch and use the volume to determine the densities. Then, the batch with the lowest average density of cupcake is the one with the most effective method. Using all this research, I have hypothesized that the cornstarch will do the greatest amount of leavening.

Visiting Lake Manyara, Tanzania: History and wildlife

Visiting Lake Manyara, Tanzania History and grotesquelifeIntroduction Lake Manyara is a s commonaltyling body of irrigate that glitters in its glory. And indeed, Lake Manyara matter Park has often been described as a gem amongst the Tanzanias northern tourism circuit. The Park forms a vital trigger of the larger Tarangire ecosystem and serves as a dry season refuge for migratory animals. The park is safely nestled amongst the lake on the eastern side and the Gregory intermission Escarpment on the West, offering dramatic scenery that change with the seasons. During the rainy season the lake fills up and the surroundings function lush and green. During the dry season the lake parti totallyy dries up leaving a b highway rim of bright white salt residue, making equally beautiful scenery. The park includes a unique forest that is fed by underground streams, rivers and springs. The forest is located on the South Western part of the park in Mbulu plateaus. It is an important evergr een catchment forest, a start of important permanent rivers of which some of them pour their weewee in Lake Manyara thus bringing life to the park and the surrounding argonas.The Park is home to the rargon blueness monkey and numerous bird species. It is quite simply, a MUST DO for bird-lovers and keen wildlife photographers.HistoryThe name Manyara is derived from the maasai word emanyara referring to the Finger Euphorbia plant (Euphorbia tirucalli) gist a plant which is a succulent. The park was first declared as a Game Reserve in 1957 mainly to protect its rhino and elephant populations. Sadly, rhino does not exist anymore beca determination of poaching. In 1960 it was officially declared a National Park covering only 100km2. It was later on extended to the southern part towards Magara River. Between 1972 and 1990, two farm units were acquired and added to the park thus bringing its size to 330km2. Currently the park is 648.7km2 in size following the annexation of the marang tree Forest Reserve in 2009. Dry land is 428 km2 and 220km2 is the lake- the wetland area. At its full size the lake covers about 470km2.LocationLake Manyara National Park lies between 3020S, 35050E and 3049S, 35044E as well as 3035S, 35053E and 3033S, 35032E (South) and between E3533 and E3532 (East).Park is located approximately 111.5km (from clock tower to the main gate) south- west of Arusha city. The park has two supply one is Iyambi in the southern part of the park connecting it with Tarangire, and the other is the main gate which is close to Mto wa Mbu town. Mto wa Mbu is a small densely populate busy town which is multi ethnic with different cultural values of interest for tourists while on their way to Manyara, Ngorongoro and Seren sop upi. The town is the continuation of the main road to Ngorongoro and the Serengeti. teetotumThe altitude varies from 960m above the sea take aim at the edge of the lake to 1,600m above the sea level along the valley walls of the Gregory Ri ft.RainfallLike other areas in Northern Tanzania, annual rainfall pattern consists of short rains between October and December, followed by a dry season in January and thereafter long rains from February to June with the highest rainfall in April. However, Manyara has an erratic and unreliable rainfall patterns, ranging from 250mm to 1600mm per annum. Lake Manyara is highly alkaline and shallow, without any outgoing rivers. Even in rainiest months the depth doesnt reach more than 1.5m, almost falling to zero in the dry season. The reason why the ground water forest can survive years of extreme drought is because of springs that emerge at the escarpment base.TemperatureTemperature in Lake Manyara is fairly mild, being at its highest from December to February with a mean maximum of 340C. Temperatures are lower from June to July with a minimum of 110C. It can become a bit cold when it rains.HumidityHumidity in lake ranges from 45% to 85%AttractionsAttractions of Lake Manyara National Park include a unique ground water forest that is fed by underground streams and the Great Rift Valley Escarpment. The park also lesser and greater pinkish flamingos, hot water springs, wild animals like rare blue monkey, buffalo, wildebeest, zebra, giraffe, elephant, lion, baboon, leopard, antelope, cheetah, dik-dik and many more. The park is endowed with about 400 species of birds and varieties of insects. On inland of the floodplain there is a narrow rap music of acacia woodland.The park is favored by the legendary tree-climbing lions and impressively tusked elephants. Pairs of klipspringer are often seen silhouetted on the rocks above a field of searing hot springs that steams and bubbles adjacent to the lakeshore in the far south of the park.Tourism ActivitiesVisitors can engage themselves in the following activitiesDay Game DriveNight Game DriveCanoeing when the water level is sufficiently highWilderness walking safarisBird observance ( November-June)Bush mealCultural tour o r cultural program at Mto wa Mbu village ( outside the park)AccessibilityBy airFly to Lake Manyara Airstrip, which is at the top of the escarpment. Your ground operator will pick you at the airstrip and carry to the park main gate which is about 3km.It is possible to arrange connection flights to the other game parks from there. If your time is limited, this is the idealistic option.By roadLake Manyara National Park lies on the main road to and from Ngorongoro. The park may be accessed on way from Arusha, Ngorongoro or Babati. From Arusha, drive West on the main Dodoma road for 84km until you get to Makuyuni village and if you are from Babati drive Makuyuni as well. From here turn right west drive on the main road leading to Ngorongoro gate for 26.5km until you get to the town of Mto -wa- mbu. About 1km from the village centre you will see a well marked park entrance gate on your left. The four rack vehicle is feasible for park game drive.ShoppingMto wa Mbu town is a good place to buy various souvenirs. Also there are various small restaurants which offer typical Tanzanian food and beverages. It is important to fill up your vehicle at one of the filling stations at Mto wa Mbu as there are no fuel stations in the park. Accommodation-Inside the parkThe park has facilities for accommodation which include public tourist houses (bandas), and campsites ideal for budget visitors (prior booking is required). However there is one luxury tree lodge and one tented camp which are privately owned.Accommodation-Outside the parkLuxury tented camps and lodges are available on the rift wall overlooking the Lake. In addition, guest houses and campsites are available in the nearby Mto wa Mbu town.Best timeThe park can be visited all-year round, however the dry season (July- October) is good for watching large mammals. On the other hand, the wet season (November-June) is good for bird watching and canoeing. Bird life is outstanding all year round however it is probably better f rom September to April when migratory birds arrive.Park rules and regulationsGame drive is allowed between 0600h and 1800h.Conservation fee to be paid at the entrance gates.Fees are for 24hrs single entry.Foreign visitors pay in foreign currency (USD)Payment is do through credit or debit cards( Visa card, Master card TANAPA cards-Exim CRDB banks)Camping is only allowed at authorized sitesSpeed Limit is 50kph (30mph) on all roadsOff road driving is rigorously prohibitedHarassment of animals is strictly prohibitedLoud music and noise are not permittedLittering is strictly prohibited.Getting out of your vehicle is not allowed except at designated picnic sites, view points and campsitesIt is strictly prohibited to introduce or remove any inborn objects, plants or archeological artifacts.Domestic pets are strictly not allowed.Fires are only allowed at designated camping sites Put fire out after use.You enter the park at your own risk. Park management will not be held responsible for loss of property, life or damage of the homogeneous under any circumstances.Weapons, traps, poison and items of similar nature are strictly not allowed into the park.All accidents must be reported immediately to park officials. stick by to instructions from park officials.Park contactsEmail address- emailprotectedHotlines. +255 689062294, +255 767536137

Nebulized L-epinephrine in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup

Nebulized L- epinephrin in Post -Bronchoscopy CroupSafety and Efficacy of Nebulized L- epinephrin in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup in Children, Anesthesia ConsiderationDr Asma Aref Idamat, PharmacistDr Hussein Khraysha, Senior Specialist AnesthetistDr Najeh Alomari, Consultant Pediatric SurgeonAmman-JordanABSTRACT accusatory To assess the value of bronchodilator effect of nebulized epinephrine target bronchoscopy in children and to compare the effectiveness and side effects of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE) 1/1000 at a drug of 0.1 mL/kg versus 0.5 mL/kg in the discourse of post-bronchoscopy croup and upper air duct obstruction .MATERIAL AND METHOD Between April1998 and April 2002, 120 children, who actual signs and symptoms of upper airway obstruction (UAO) later bronchoscopy, were randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg or 0.5 mL/kg of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE). Age gathering ranged from 4months to 14 years, mean of 4.6 years, male /female ratio 41. UAO scores, vital signs (VS) ,oxygen intensity level (O2 Sat)and side effects if evince were recorded before ,at 15 minutes , 35 minutes and 45 minutes after the treatment. The treatment was obliging in the recovery room under the care of the anesthetist and pediatric surgeon. All patients were reviewed guardedly prior to discharge from recovery room.RESULTS Sixty children were altogetherocated to the 0.1mL/kg (NLE) and sixty children to the 0.5 mL/kg (NLE).. The (NLE) was mixed with 2ml of normal saline. Both groups showed betterments in UAO scores and Oxygen saturation over time. There were no significant differences in UAO scores and VS between the groups at all time points. There were no side effects of epinephrine during the observation.CONCLUSION The administration of nebulized L-epinephrine is safe and effective in reliving croup and upper airway obstruction (UAO) post-bronchoscopy in children. NLE at the social disease of 0.1 mL/kg resultant roles in equivalent improvements in the UAO scores, compared with the point of 0.5 mL/kg. No complications were seen in either point and we commend the routine occasion of 0.1ml/kg (NLE) post bronchoscopy in children.Key words Bronchoscopy, Bronchodilators, L-adrenaline, croup, childrenIntroductionCroup or subglottic edema post bronchoscopy and post cannulisation is a well known entity. Children are much unprotected to develop croup after such procedures than adults due to well known differences in the anatomy of upper airway and tracheo-bronchial tree with narrower laryngeal and tracheal lumens with the result of obstruction more readily by to mucosal edema due to different causes, same viral and bacterial infections as well as hypersensitive manifestations. The narrowest part of upper airway is that at the level of cricoid cartil succession which makes the internal tracheal injury by endo tracheal tube or bronchoscope sheath more prone at the narrow subglottic area even after easily passage through the vocal cords. Broncho scopic removal of aspirated foreign bodies in children is a common procedure in Jordan and many other countries worldwide. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia using rigid bronchoscopic device through which the respiration is maintained. Foreign bodies are usually successfully removed using forceps, wash out with saline and suction tube. In many cases repeated bronchoscopic intubation may be necessary to assure complete removal of foreign bodies with the result of significant irritation and edema to the tracheo-bronchial tree with the sequel of croup, wheezy agency and features of upper airway obstruction (UAO) which may lead to significant morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. The incidence of post intubation croup in children was reported to be between 1 to 6 % (1,2). The medical treatment of postintubation croup is the aforementioned(prenominal) as that for infectious croup, including corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine. The vasoconstrictive effect of epinephrine decreases the degree of subglottic edema, resulting in clinical improvement. Traditionally recemic epinephrine has been utilize as a non-selective adrenergic agonist of choice in children due to its supposedly someer side effects than the more active and more readily available natural laevorotatory form of epinephrine. However, there seems to be no pharmacological basis for this belief (3-5) and subsequent trials have shown the L-epinephrine which we use for resuscitation, to be safe and effective in twain infectious and postintubation croup(6,7). In addition, L-epinephrine is readily available in all countries while racemic epinephrine is not. Even in countries where both forms are available the racemic form is much more expensive(8 ).It was noted that the doses of L-epinephrine used in those trials were 2.5 and 5 mL of 11000 solution for all recruited children, regardless of weight. As a result, the dose of L-epinephrine in the treatment of croup has been suggested to be 0.5 mL/kg, with a maximum dose of 2.5 mL and 5 mL for children younger and older than 4 years, respectively (9). So far there have been very few reports that have studied the efficacy L- epinephrine in the management of post bronchoscpy croup and (UAO) in children. This study was designed for tow purposes of (a) ascertaining the effectiveness of L-epinephrine in the management of croup and weezy chest post bronchoscpy in children or not and (b) comparing the efficacy of a nebulized L-epinephrine at the dose of 0.1ml/kg versus 0.5ml/kg for the treatment of the above conditions and finally to recommend the routine use of L-epinephrine at the dose of 0.1ml/kg as protocole for the management croup and (UAO) post bronchoscopy in ChildrenMaterial and MethodsBetween April1998 and April 2002, 120 children, who developed signs and symptoms of upper airway obstruction (UAO) after bronchoscopy such as severe irritative cough, wheezy chest, stridor and hoarseness of voice were randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg or 0.5 mL/kg of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE) with maximum of 2mL for patients below 5 years of age and 4mL for patients above 5 years of age. Two mL of normal saline were added to the dose of L-epinephrine. Age group ranged from 4months to 14 years, mean of 4.6 years, male /female ratio 41. We used L-epinephrine because racemic epinephrine in not available in our hospital and it is expensive. The treatment was accomplished in the recovery room under the care of the anesthetist and pediatric surgeon using facemask with 100% oxygen at 6 liters/minute. The main parametric quantity that evaluated was the change of the (UAO) scores (Table 1) and the other parameters that evaluated were changes in the respiratory rate, heart rate, note pressure and oxygen saturation observed by pulse oxymeter. All parameters were evaluated at 15 minutes, 35 minutes and 45 minutes after the treatment, side effects of nebulized epinephrine, if deport such as tremor, arrhythmi a, and pallor were recorded at the same time. The management was repeated after 2 hours whenever clinically indicated if the results were not satisfactory. All patients were reviewed carefully prior to discharge from recovery room.RESULTSOne hundred and twenty children post bronchoscopy for foreign body aspiration (FBA) were enrolled in this study. Sixty children were allocated to the 0.1mg/kg (NLE) and sixty children to the 0.5 mL/kg (NLE). The (NLE) was mixed with 2ml of normal saline. Both groups had the same baseline characteristics (Table 2) and both groups had initially moderate upper airway obstruction. Both groups showed clinically significant improvements and reduction in UAO scores and Oxygen saturation at 15, 35 and 45 minutes(Table 3) compared to that prior to (NLE) at time 0. There were no significant differences in UAO scores and VS between the groups at all time points and none required warm intubation or re-bronchoscopy. Side effects of epinephrine including pallor, arrhythmia and tremor were not observed.Table 1 focal ratio airway obstruction score (15)** marking012CoughStridorRetractioninspiratory breath soundsCyanosis*NoneNoneNoneNormalNoneHoarse cryInspiratorySuprasternalHarsh with rhonchiIn room airBarkInspiratory +expiratorySuprasternal+ substernal +intercostalDelayedIn 40% oxygen*Cyanosis was modified and defined as oxygen saturation ** Downes JJ, Raphaely RC. Pediatric intensive care. Anesthesiology 1975 43 238-50.Table 2 Patient characteristics of our study groups0.1mL/kg0.5mL/kgNumber of patients6060 stand for age (years)3.45.8Gender (M/F ratio)4141UAO score immediately after bronchoscopy( Mild ( Moderate 4-7) n, %(Severe 7) n, %12 (20%)42 (70%)6 (10%)15 (25%)38 (63.33%)7 (11.66%)Table 3 The outcome variables in our study groupsTimeTime 015 proceeding35 MinutesNebulized L-epinephrine / DoseNumber of patients0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg60 600.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg60 600.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg60 60Upper airway obstruction score(Mean)5 (1-8) 5 (1-7)3 (1-6) 2 (0-5)2 (0-5) 1.4 (0-5)Respiratory rate/minute (Mean)28 3032 3329 28Heart rate /minute (Mean)126 128130 128125 123Systolic blood pressure mmHg (Mean)95 100102 10697 103Diastolic blood pressure mmHg(Mean)55 6158 6356 62Oxygen saturation % (Mean)93 9496 9798 98DiscussionPost bronchoscopy croup and respiratory distress is know entity in pediatric age group, especially when there is a need for repeated bronchoscopic trials for retrieval of long standing foreign bodies. In such conditions, severe inflammatory process of tracheo-bronchial tree is almost present from certain foreign bodies like peanut and other seeds that elaborate severe irritative substances leading to infection and granulation of bronchial tree that aggravate the respiratory distress, bronchospasm and croup post bronchoscopy. The main aim of the clinician in such conditions is to provide relief of respiratory distress by decreasing upper airway irritation and improving air entry. The present study has attempted to verif y the safety and efficacy of bronchodilator effect of (NLE) and to prove that a dose of 0.1mL/kg is at least as effective as the dose of 0.5mL/kg in the treatment of croup and (UAO) post bronchoscopy in children. Many studies have tested the value of racemic epinephrine compared to placebo (10) and to nebulized salbutamol (11-13) and the results showed superior value of racemic epinephrine in the treatment of bronchiolitis. It seems no pharmacological basis for the belief that racemic epinephrine is safer than L-epinephrine (3-5) and racemic epinephrine is not available in Jordan and is thus difficult to obtain and expensive, devising L-epinephrine a more viable option. Sumboonnanonda (14) used (NLE) at the dose 0.05mL/kg (maximum 0.5mL) in the treatment of infectious croup. They found a clinically significant improvement in (UAO) scores at 24 and 48 hours after admission, even in the placebo group without dexamethasone treatment .The present study found standardised results at av erage 30 minutes in children with post-bronchoscopy croup and wheezy chest. The maximum dose of (NLE) in this study was 2mL for patients less than 5 years of age and 4mL for patients more than 5 years. In our study we confirmed the safety and efficacy of (NLE) in the treatment of post intubation croup (6) and infectious croup (7), when Nutman (6) used 0.25mL of 1% L-epinephrine (2.5mg) regardless the weight, for children post-intubation croup and found significant reduction of stridor score within 20 minutes, the same we observed in our study which continued at least over the next 4 hours post bronchoscopy. Waisman (7) used 5mL of 1/1000 L-epinephrine (5mg), regardless the weight, in children with infectious croup when he found a significant reduction of croup score, reaching its maximum at 30 minutes. The majority of our patients required one section of (NLE) to achieve these results and in very few of them who had long standing foreign bodies and repeated trials of bronchoscopy an d bronchial wash out, another session of (NLE) required over 24 hours on 6 hourly interval. The present results suggest that nebulized L-epinephrine, at a minimal dose of 0.1 mL/kg, is at least as effective as the dose of 0.5 mL/kg in the treatment of post-bronchoscopy croup. Both doses temporarily alleviated airway obstruction without undesirable side effects. The dose of 0.1 mL/kg is much less expensive. We would suggest that the dose of 0.1 mL/kg is also efficacious in the treatment of children with post-bronchoscopy croup. This dose may be adequate to diminish mucosal edema of the upper airway by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors and producing vasoconstriction (4).In conclusion, the presented data suggest that administration (NLE), at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg is safe and effective and results in a similar reduction in upper airway obstruction scores, compared with the dose of 0.5 mL/kg, in children with post-bronchoscopy croup. Neither dose was associated with any adverse side effects and we recommend the routine use of 0.1mL/kg (NLE) post bronchoscopy in children. Taking in consideration the comparable efficacy of both doses, the use of a small dose in clinical practice would save the medication expense and, theoretically, have a lower risk of developing side effects that are mostly dose dependent. Future studies should consider the use of (NLE) at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg in children with post bronchoscopy croup, which has a pathophysiology resembling infectious croup. Further studies examining the optimal dose and frequency of (NLE) in children with croup due to different pathologies including post-bronchoscopy croup seem warranted.Acknowledgment to DR Mohamad Al-Sukar, Chair of Anesthesia Department Royal Medical Services,Dr Kassem Khamaeseh,MD, Anesthesia intense care for their support and review of this manuscript.References1. Borland LM, Colligan J, Brandom B.W. J Clin AnesthesiaKoba BV, Jeon IS, Andre JM, MacKay I, Smith RM. Postintubation croup in children. Anesth Analg 1977 56501-5Holbrook PR, Issues in airway management -1988. Critical Care Clin 19884789-802Remington S, Meakin G. Nebulized adrenaline 1/1000 in the treatment of croup. Anesthesia 198641923-946Tabachilk E, Livensopn H. Clinical application of aerosols in pediatrics. Am Rev Respir Dis 198812297-103Waisman Y, Klein BL, Boeinning DA, Young GM, Chamberlain JM, ODonnell R, et al . Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosol in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup). Pediatrics 199289302-6Nutman J, Brooks LJ, Deakin KM, Baldesare KK, Witte MK, Reed MD. Racemic versus L-epinephrine aerosol in the treatment of postextubation laryngeal edema Results from a prospective ,randomized double-blind study .Crit Care Med 1994221591-4Menon K, Sutcliffe T, Klassen TP. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of epinephrine with salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis. J Pediatr 19951261004-1007Siberry GK, Lannone R. The Harriet Lane Handbook 15th Edition .St Louis Mosby-Year book,2000705-6Kristjansson S, Lodrup KC, Wennegren G, Strannegard I-L, Carlsen KH. Nebulized racemic adrenaline in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants and toddlers. condescending Dis Child 199369650-54Wennegren G, Holmgren D, Engstrom I, Sten G, Bjure J. utilise transcutaneous blood gases to evaluate treatment effects on acute asthma in young children. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 198848(supp 18941-44Sanchez I, Dekoster J, Powell RE, Walstein R, Chernik V, Effect of racemic epinephrine and salbutamol on clinical score and pulmonary mechanics in infant with bronchiolitis . J Pediatr 1993122145-151Reijonen T, Korpi M, Pitkakangas S, Tehhola S, Kyllikki R. The clinical efficacy of nebulized racemic epinephrine and albuterol in acute bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolosc Med 1995149686-692Sumboonnanonda A, Suwanjutha S, Sirinavin S. Randomized controlled trial of dexamethasone in infectious croup. J Med Assoc Thai 199780262-5Downes JJ, Raphaely RC. Pediatric intensive care. Anesthesiology 1975 43 238-50.

Khajuraho Tourism: Issues and impacts

Khajuraho Tourism Issues and impactsIndia is famed for its great ethni city and multifariousness among the cultures and these two main elements reflect in the level of touristry learning in any region of the country. App arntly this has led the political sym racetrackies and other respective authorities of tourism to call out(p) the impressiveness of hereditary pattern tourism in this 21st century. This report is based on the issues and impacts of tourism in Khajuraho, a UNESCO listed world heritage site, famed for its alien sculptured temples.Khajuraho is a located in a central state of India, and one of the oldest heritage sites in the world. The temples were make a thousand years ago and still they stand dazzling with all the antediluvian notoriety. The tourism development in the domain has changed umpteen features of the destination and there has been some issues regarding the level of tourism. The side was found only in the early decades of 20th century and eve n from that time Khajuraho still took so many decades to be printed in the world famous heritage sites. The basic aim of this report is to identify the tourism developments and impacts of tourism in the selected tourism site and it is structured by beginning with a telegraphic glimpse about the destination and followed by explaining the tourism developments in the area, discussing the influences of tourism and its impacts among locals and suggestions to improve the practice of tourism followed by a conclusion which will sum total up the overall report and research conducted.Background of the submitIndia is a large nation with huge bit of population and great numbers of twain ethnic and heritage spots. This exclusivity has made the county, a world famous tourism destination in the global tourism map and regarded as a country, famous for its great cultural diversity. many another(prenominal) of these heritage sites are secured by UNESCO- and are still striving to find a place i n their destination list.Ethnicity and diversity are the two main key elements of Indian cultural Heritage tourism, and it is really difficult to focus on the whole countrys tourism development and the impacts being facing currently. To understand the effects of tourism on culture, surround and prudence it was therefore, I decided that this study should look further deep into the he machination of the countrys heritage spots which are commonly occult for its own nationalists provided relatively known by other move of the world. Khajuraho, a world heritage tourism site in the Central Indian State of Madhya Pradesh was chosen and examined to articulate the nature and dimensions of some of the common issues from the impacts of local and international tourism.The study materials used mainly are reliable sources from the internet and excessively referred to the theories used in the tourism industry by linking to some of the case studies conducted in the subjected destination. More over some move of the report will be reflecting from my personal experience in the destination. The facts and figures received from the Indian government tourism website back up and gives an overall glimpse of the importance of international tourism occurring in that place.Khajuraho A mirror of Indian HeritageKhajuraho, a Central Indian State of Madhya Pradesh is world famous for its UNESCO recognized heritage sites and practices great heritage tourism. The site is well known for its imposing temples by reflecting the viewer of antique sculptures and structures carved in huge single sand stones (http//www.mptourism.com/dest/khajuraho.html).These temples, mirroring the esthetical images of two men and women also soften to shed some lights on the medieval Hindu and Jain culturesPic1-Khajuraho TempleThe history of temples in Khajuraho village is believed to be go out back to a thousand years ago, erected by the great Chandela Rajput Dynasty of Central India, by taking a century t o build more than 85 bright temples with richly carved unique and magnificent sculptures. (Gill, 2008).During the depredation of time only 22 are managed to survive and they stand still calling out the glory of medieval architectural masters. Some of the temples are sculptured with enticing tingling structures representing the Tantric Vedas which the citizenry in the village used to practice.Area 16.93 sq. km.Altitude 257 m above Sea LevelTemperature Summer Max 47C, Min 21C.Winter Max 32C, Min 4C.Rainfall 114 cms yearlyLanguages English, Hindi.Table1-General InformationThe other Tourism activities include Khajuraho Dance Festival, organized e rattling year in the month of February or March for one week and the Daily move Light Show ((Khajuraho, n.d.). Table-1 shows some general Information about Khajuraho (http//www.delhitourism.com/khajuraho-tourism/)Level of tourism developmentPic2-LocationEver since the airport is opened, a daily flight operated from Delhi, the capital city o f India connected Khajuraho with some other famous destinations. These made the visitors to reach there without any inconvenience and also the ground expatriate facilities improved, while connecting to nearby most-valuable towns and railway station by running daily trips to Khajuraho. The main significant changes in the level of tourism happened was the creation of a Master Plan to precede the result of Khajuraho and the institution of the Khajuraho Dance Festival, a successful event that has, to some extent given Khajuraho a classical image (Menon,1993).DACADEMIC6th SemesterTOUR310reportkhajuraho-map.jpgWhat was Khajuraho beforePic3-SculpturesKhajuraho or the ancient name Khajurapura is believed to be derived from the word Khajurvahila meaning the garden of dates surrounded the village at that time (Krishnamurthy, 1996). Deserted by and by the 14th century, the area was completely unknown to outdoors world until it was discovered by a young British Army officer T.S. Burt in 1 838 (Menon, 1993). According the Ministry of Tourism, (http//www.mptourism.com/dest/khajuraho.html) after the turn down of the Chandela dynasty in the 13th century, the temples were hidden from outside world by dense forests and shrubs around. Nobody knew the epitome of Indian Architecture was diminishing dawdling in the rampage of time. Many of the structures were destroyed by weather, the slackness and laxity of surrounding world. But this hidden identity must have saved the remaining temples from the early Muslim invasions in the past (Hegewald Mitra, 2008). According to Menon (1993) the temples were unknown to the world until 1950s and it was only the foreign journalists and photographers who published the photos to the open world. The place was opened to the tourists only a few decades after the Independence of India from British in 1947 after building adequate facilities for transportation to get there.Changes after the tourism developmentsToday, Khajuraho is a booming touris t spot for both domestic help and international travelers. The infrastructure is modified significantly by the government to the needs of thirsting travelers, asthe years pass by. According to (UNESCO, 2005) few modest hotels were built in the early sixties to attract foreigners and domestic tourists and the number of people coming to visit Khajuraho has changed dramatically ever since the airport was built as the come near transportation was not convenient enough. The draft Development Plan produced by Indian Government in 1975 is also slip awayd consequent development of the area (Menon, 1993). Now the old village of Khajuraho is changed absolutely into a place with a number of 8 star hotels including 2 five star chains machine-accessible hotels and other budgeted hotels also, in an area of just few kilometers (http//www.tourism-of-india.com/hotels-in-madhya-pradesh.html) equipped with efficient roads access, other transportation and accommodation facilities. Subsequently area s around Khajuraho have also flourished and harvested the benefits from these tourism developments.Tourist profileThere have been a lot of changes happened during the last few decades and this has led to have a significant change in the demographics of travelers arriving in Khajuraho. Menon (1993) stated that a few decades back, the foreign tourists visiting Khajuraho comprised 3.3% of total number of visitors to India and most of the tourists were independent and included in low budget category, one-half of the group tourists who visited India visited Khajuraho also.Table2-Statistics from 1984-1992The statistics published by the government a few years back, shows the tremendous hike in the number of tourists visited the destination and it gives a lucid intellect about the expansion of the Khajuraho tourism plans (Menon, 1993)Table3-Statistics from 2004-2006The number of people visited in the early 80s were higher than in early 90s in the domestic travelers as it is believed to be the contend of political instability at that time. But the number of foreign travelers remained constant between these periods. Table 2 shows that total numbers of tourists in 1985-1986 were around 203,646, but in the early 90s it was decreased to 151,350. (Appendix I-IV)There is a significant percentage of increase in the number of foreign visitors to Khajuraho in the current decade almost repeat the numbers in previous decades while the number of domestic tourists remained constant apparently. This increasing number of tourists mainly depends on the level of promotions of the destination or and the transportation facilities.Driving forceIt is not only just some sandstone structures to see in Khajuraho, but it is the picturesque depiction of medieval existence of village people ruled under the great Chandela kings portrayed by the maestros of stone architecture about a millennium ago. It is the thrusting force of quaint beauty to lead the travelers to Khajuraho from around the wo rld. The main motivation of travelling to Khajuraho is the splendor of these sculptures in the temples. The government tourism board and other tourism agencies have recognized the demand for tourism in the region and offer various tourism packages including the nearby cities of Khajuraho. It is another value added benefit for the travelers and a motive to visit Khajuraho. Although it is an icon of Heritage Tourism, the erotic sculptures, illustrating the tantric arts in the sandstones attract many of the tourists from around the world.Rise in the economy- A positive impactThough there are many identified impacts of tourism in Khajuraho, the most significant one is the rise in the total economy, as the level of tourism in the destination parts a major share in the total number of foreign tourist flow into the country (Appendix V)As a result of tourism development programs which eventually offered more than 3,000 job offers to the local lodge made the status of lifestyle to go up res ourcefully as there was significant growth in education and health care systems. The other noticed results are in the local handicraft industry and the offering of large scale corroborative employment in other sectors especially in the farming (UNESCO, 2005). The development of tourism in the region have also rivetd the level of mendicancy than the neighboring villages as this mass tourism has helped the local people to indulge in increasing their personal income through various tourism activities. All those improvements in the public utility infrastructures and transport infrastructures in Khajuraho show the positive stintingal impacts and it has been forecasted to make a dramatic change in the future number of tourists (In 2015, expecting 1,00,965 domestic tourists and 8,59,701 foreign tourists with a total number of 19,60,666) Appendix-VINegative economic impactThe level of tourism has made some negative impacts in the local economy to a certain level, especially the developme nt programs by the government which brought many outsiders into the village economy. Instead of using the natural resources, things are being imported from outside by the migrants. Most of the imported goods are manipulated as local art work and being sold to the tourists which is a leakage in the integration of locals and the government systems (Menon, 1993). Moreover, the inflation has increased delinquent to the less supply for the high demand for local items caused by the tourism development program. According to Menon, (1993, p.37) a local guide explains that 20 years ago people were friendlier and close together tourism, he said, has made the people money-minded.Positive Environmental impactThe wild shrouded temples are titivated by the government by the level of tourism in Khajuraho. According to UNESCO, (2005) the place is now equipped with complete infrastructure including transportation, electricity, water supply, hotels and hospitals. The temples are now protect by the Indian Central Government with the help of archeological and tourism departments to preserve the Indian heritage, as they are wall protected by the bail systems in order to avoid intruders and vandalisms. Now the temples are surrounded by gardens which are not truly, a part of original temple designs, to enhance the beauty of temple premises. Apart from that, a central museum is located in the village to keep the valuable broken parts from the temples and show case the ancient prowess to the visitors and the excavation areas are restricted for public .One can clearly see that the old sleepy image of Khajuraho is completely changed by the changes happened in the environment due to the tourism (Menon, 1993).Negative Environmental impactDue to the characteristics of the destination, Khajuraho poses very less detrimental effect on the physical environment as the tourists who visit are particular nature of sightseer activity and their primary intention is just to see the sculptures in the temples (Menon, 1993). Thus rate of losing the natural resources will be very less in the region comparing some other tourist destinations, however the mass amount of tourist flow into Khajuraho must have changed the environment negatively due to the air pollution and solid wastes disposal. Moreover the destruction of unique flora and fauna in the area, due to the excavation work contingency nearby the temples reduced the wild life in the surrounding region. The other considerable negative impacts are the air pollution caused by the aircrafts flying. A study conducted by Indian central archaeological department found out that aircrafts flying over the temples produce a certain level of vibrations which could damage ancient monuments(Archaeological Survey of India, n.d) According to a monthly social awareness magazine (Khajuraho Special, 2004) land pollution and air pollution are some of the major environmental issues in Khajuraho faced by tourism. None of the hotels in Khajurah o have proper waste management system or recycling system which persuade them to litter openly and so do the tourists, especially the canned foods and other disposable items. In the same way, increasing number in tourism has caused the same number in vehicles for transportation which pollutes the air by emitting dangerous gases and causing to change the atmospheric temperature. The final thought is about the shrinking of water bodies in the area, where the wrong(p) land usage reduced the natural water resources drastically.Positive socio-cultural impactThe lifestyle in Khajuraho is being affected by tourism activities as a natural consequence of socio-cultural impact. People have been more aware of the tourism needs and other cultures, to mingle with other nationalities flawlessly. The dance festivals and other cultural activities meld the local confederacy and also portray the true image of Khajuraho to tourists. It has been proved that there hasnt been any complaint of sexual harassment or prostitution, which shows that the local community is more responsive about social norms (Menon, 1993) and some of the local people have managed to make marriage relationship with foreigners. After all, some of the local community still indulge in their daily prayers and go to the temples for worshiping which point towards the conscientious tourism in the area.Negative socio-cultural impactThe migration and settlement of outsiders have changed Khajuraho social and cultural environment, as now the local populations is consisting of various ethnic groups who drifted to make business via tourism. The local language spoken is very less in Khajuraho as absolute majority of people living in Khajuraho are nonnative. From my personal experience in Khajuraho, what I could see mainly was the children and young people are following the path of tourism to make money easily rather than going to schools and colleges. Most of them are grabbed by travel agents to become guides and re ceive commission from them. Ultimately tourism has brought in these multi cultural societies who sell the true art for money into Khajuraho and broken the integrity of local culture.Recommendations and final thoughtsThe promotional material and the information available to the tourists, reduce Khajuraho to a single-issue destination Menon (1993). This image of Khajuraho is more likely a single point destination where the tourism is only focused on the sensual sculptures in the temples. Instead of publicizing the true illustration, the tourists are falsified by the travel agent mafias which make them to take pleasure in the erotic part of the heritage art worked temples instead of understanding the true principles of an ancient civilization existed there. Hence the government should be more responsible to stop these misleading by establishing examples such as providing proper tourism marketing campaigns, awareness seminars and cultured guiding system. Instead of focusing only on the temples, tourism board should take hand in developing the vicinity and neighboring locality as they are still under poverty and the wildlife around Khajuraho still remains unguarded though it is reserved. everywhere the past years Asian countries have on looked incredible social, cultural, political and technological changes (Pandey, Chettri, Kunwar and Ghimire, 1995).These significant changes have been received by the far-fetched development of tourism in the subjected countries. Despite the fact that tourism fosters the national economy to a certain extent, it has definite impacts on countrys enlightening ethnicity and legacy while leaving the natural possessions to an economic item of trade for income. According to Bandyopadhyay, Morais, Chick (2008, p.791), Tourism is not just an aggregate of merely commercial activities it is also an ideological framing of history, nature and usage a framing that has the power to reshape culture and nature to its own needs. It is apparent from this report that, these factors have certainly affected either positively or negatively on the values of economic, environmental and socio cultural in Khajuraho. The final say is tourism in Khajuraho has fostered over the years and it has changed many factors, it is the obligation of each and every single tourist who comes to visit Khajuraho to practice responsible tourism while mesmerized by the prehistoric sandstone shades of ancient arts.

Tech Savvy Teens Essay -- Technology and Teens, Facebook Twitter, MySp

Technology has advance far beyond what our parents knew. During the time in which our parents grew up things such(prenominal) as apps and tweets didnt exist. further these terms are quite familiar to todays generation of teenagers. The use of Socially Interactive Technologys or SITs such as online networking sites, text messaging, and instant messaging (IM) are becoming more and more popular among teens (Pierce). Social networking sites such as FaceBook, MySpace, and Twitter are examples of SITs. SITs can be used by anyone, but they are most popular among teenagers. though SITs are meant to be fun ways to interact with friends, they can also be very dangerous. Socially Interactive Technologys are dangerous to teens because they can easily put themselves in danger.There are hundreds of online social networking sites, and they range from general networking sites like FaceBook to sites aimed at certain groups such as CrunchyRoll, which is a networking site for fans of anime and manga . Of the hundreds of social networking sites MySpace and FaceBook are the most popular (Guo 620). MySpace has a current active user count of 115 million. And FaceBook which is a year younger follows with a user base of 60 million and growing (Guo 621). MySpace opened on August 15, 2003 and grew quite quickly afterwards (Guo 621). But why are these sites so popular amongst teenagers? There seem to be quite a few answers to this question, MySpaces popularity is attributed its openness, anyone claiming to be over the age of 14 can sign up for MySpace (Guo 621). FaceBook which was created a year later by Matt Zuckerberg in 2004 originally limited its membership to college students which resulted in slow suppuration of success (Guo 622). However once FaceBook opened... ...fying internet information to be reported to the police. Their information is wherefore added to the National Sex Offender Registry social networking sites would then have access to this information and can prevent s ex offenders from registering to use their sites MySpace has also begun to enact safety measures to protect their teenage users. In 2006 MySpace announced the creation an automated system that compares profiles a database contacting names and descriptions of sex offenders. Its been reported that since the creation of this program MySpace has removed 29,000 sex offender profiles from their site (Guo 639). MySpace is also maturation a program that will provide parents with their childs profile name, age, and location (Guo 639). A program like this will allow parents to also put up involved in protecting their children from the dangers of social networking.

Democracies and Success in War Essay example -- Government War Democra

Democracies and Success in WarIntroduction Democratic governments check spread quickly around the world since the end of the shivery War and fall of the Soviet Union. Democracy has become one of the most desired regime types amongst states and is contributed to fostering wealth, stability, and even peace. Dan Reiter and Allan Stam argue that democracies are the most prospering in war or military combat. In their book, Democracies at War, Stam and Reiter argue that after observing conflicts since the 1800s, democratic governments tend to be more selective in choosing conflicts to participate in and democracies also have a propensity to win more often than authoritarian regimes.The purpose of this paper is to present a campaign study to test if democracies fight better wars. The paper will examine Stam and Reiters four propositions presented in their book and test the two propositions, political glossiness and political structure, that the authors designate have a significant im pact on democracies and the outcome of war. There are no previous concentrated case studies that have been performed over democracies and their success in wartime situations. Since only brief examples of case studies have been performed in previous literature, this paper will contribute to the discussion by presenting an intense case study on Israel during the Six Day War in 1967 and Yom Kippur War in 1979.For Stam and Reiter to be correct in their assessments over democracies high success rate in war, political culture and political structure must be found internally within Israel during the time period of these two conflicts. To be able to identify political structure and culture I have proposed a few variables that should be present wit... ...d freely choose to participate in both conflicts. However, the enormous threat by the Arab states, not only in these wars but since independence, were so overwhelming that Israelis had no preference but to fight or risk genocide thus giv ing merit to Deschs argument. Democracy is winning out on all accounts and continues to grow, while authoritarian regimes, by choice or force, are dwindling on the world stage. Further research on Stam and Reiters claims should be tested, along with other arguments from democratic theorist. I suggest that an alternative case study be performed concerning a successful authoritarian regime to test claims of realist and institutionalist. A study of this nature coupled with research such(prenominal) as this paper presents can be compared and evaluated to obtain a firmer grasp on regime type and success in war.

Themes Of Bob Dylans Music Essay -- essays research papers

sorrel Dylan was recognized by his poetry and striving writing. He usually wrote songs well-nigh protesting and religious themes. Although the theme of Bob Dylans work is depressing, it is necessary to consider how the events in his life affected his music. Also Bob Dylan had other musicians that influenced him in his early years.Bob Dylan was born in Duluth atomic number 25 on the date of May 24th 1941. By the time he was ten years old he was writing poems and had taught himself to play guitar. He ulterior changed his name from Robert Allen Zimmer universe to the famous name Bob Dylan. In 1962 Bob visited his big early influence Woodie Guthrie in the hospital. Finally Bob Dylan got to meet him and become friends with his lost idol who was slowly expiry of Huntingtons disease in Morristown, New Jersey, Dylan had written him a song called song to Woody. A famous quote from this song is Bout a funny old world thats coming along. Seems sick and its hungry, its tired and its torn, it looks like its dying and its hardly been born.After he graduated high school in the early 1959 Dylan found himself playing folk music. This is also the time he began to write his legendary folk songs. In the 1960s Bob Dylan had turned the themes of his music to protest what many people consider the wrongs of society. In his songs he writes about the luckless, the abandoned and forsaken, as he put it in chimes of Freedom. He condemned the Ku Klux Klan in The Death of Emmett Till and the John Birchites in Talking John Birch insane Blues. In Masters of Warhe damned the war makers. And in Blowing in the wind, he created probably his most famous song, though Dylan once tell that he wrote that song just for his friends. In fact, this anti racist, antiwar anthem is, in its deepest sense, a subtitle plea for awareness. (How many times must a man look up/ Before he can see the sky? / Yes n how many ears must one man have/ before he can hear people cry?) Dylan had the characteristics of a biblical prophet, but also he had a sense of humor and irony (Talking confront Mountain Picnic Massacre Blues). One soon started to notice that he was a beginning to write songs that saw the world as consisting not just of heroes and villains but mostly cowardly people caught up in all-to-human situations. In the song Who killed Davey Moore? Dave Moore was a boxer who got killed by another boxer in... ...ngled Up in Blue, Idiot Wind, Simple Twist of Fate and Shelter From the Storm. Dylans greatest album to date.In 1977 Dylan and Sara divorced and in 1978 he acted in the movie Renaldo & Clara and that said(prenominal) year converted to Christianity. In 1985 he performed at Live Aid and Farm Aid and contributed to We Are the World. In 1970 Dylan received an Honorary Doctorate of medicinal drug from Princeton University. In 1988 Dylan was introduced to the R&R Hall of Fame. In 1991 Dylan received a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement. In 1997 Kennedy Center Honors Dylan for ac hievement in the arts. President Clinton stated, He probably had more impact on people of my generation than any other creative artist. In 1998 he was the winner of three Grammy awards in major(ip) categories for Time Out of Mind The album of the Year, Best Male Contemporary Rock Vocal Performance, and Best Contemporary Folk Album. In 2000 Dylan is awarded The Polar euphony Prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Music for his indisputable influence on the development of 20th century popular music as a singer-songwriter. They also nominated Dylan for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1997, 1998 and 1999.